Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on growth indices and hematological parameters in fresh water angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare)

Document Type : (original research)

Authors

1 Department of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and natural resources, Gorgan, Iran

2 Department of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Due to the high stability properties of estrogenic compounds, most of them accumulate in aquatic organisms. This feature can directly or indirectly affect the growth rate of aquatic animals. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible effects of 17-alpha-Ethinyl estradiol on growth indices and blood parameters in freshwater Angelfish. According to this, accidentally 63 specimen’s angel fish with a mean weight 4.31± 0.46 divided equally to 3 groups in three replicates. EE2 not used in the control group, while for second and third groups the amount 2.5 and 5 µgkg-1 used respectively that in which combined the ethanol evaporation method. The angelfishes feed two times a day to the fullest extent. In this experiment, significant increasing (p < 0.05) observed to the specific growth rate (SGR) (0.22 % per day) and condition factor (1.76) in second group angelfishes than other groups. Also, significant variations (p < 0.05) performed to hematological indices in angelfishes that feed to different levels of EE2. This variations was increasingly the amounts that red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), blood hemoglobin level, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in second and third groups than control group, respectively. Evaluate of results in this study shows that limit using of EE2 hormone can result in growth increasing in angelfishes.  

Keywords


  1. Abbas, T.F., 2018. Contraceptive effects in hematological and biochemical parameters of healthy woman at Al Samawah city. Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp: 389-395.
  2. Adams, S.M.; Ham, K.D.; Greeley, M.S.; LeHew, R.F.; Hinton, D.E. and Saylor, C.F., 1996. Downstream gradients in bioindicator responses: point source contaminant effects on fish health. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 53, pp: 2177-2187.
  3. Ali, M.; Nicieza, A. and Wootton, R.J., 2003. Compensatory growth in fishes: a response to growth depression. Fish and Fisheries. Vlo. 4, No. 2, pp: 147-190.
  4. Angus, R.A.; Stanko, J.; Jenkins, R.L. and Watson, R.D., 2005. Effects of 17α-ethynylestradiol on sexual development of male western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Journal of Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology- part C. Vol. 140, pp: 9-330.
  5. Aris, A.Z.; Shamsuddin, A.S. and Praveena, S.M., 2014. Occurrence of 17α- ethynylestradiol (EE2) in the environment and effect on exposed biota: a review. Environmental international. Vol. 69, pp: 104-119.
  6. Baghizadeh, E. and Khara, H., 2014. Variability in hematology and plasma indices of common carp Cyprinus carpio, associated with age, sex and hormonal treatment. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. Vol. 14, No.1, pp: 99-111.
  7. Balabanova, L.V.; Mikryakov, D.V. and Mikryakov, V.R., 2009. Response of commom carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Leucocytes to hormone-induced stress. Ecological Physiology and Biochemistry. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp: 86-88.
  8. Baoshan, L.; Jiying, W.; Yu, H.; Tiantian, H.; Shixin, W.; Bingshan, H. and Yongzhi, S., 2019. Effects of replacing fish oil with wheat germ oil on growth, fat deposition, serum biochemical indices and lipid metabolic enzyme of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus). Aquaculture. Vol. 505, pp: 54-62.
  9. Bartelt-Hunt, S.; Snow, D.D.; Damon-Powell, T. and Miesbach, D., 2011. Occurrence of steroid hormones and antibiotics in shallow groundwater impacted by livestock waste facilities. Journal of ContaminantHydrology. Vol. 123, pp: 94-103.
  10. Batt, J.; Bennett-Steward, K.; Couturier, C.; Hammell, L.; Harvey-Clark, C.; Kreiberg, H. and Stevens, D., 2005. CCAC guidelines on: the care and use of fish in research, teaching and testing. Canadian Council on Animal Care. Ottawa, Canada. pp: 1-84.
  11. Brummer, T.P., 2007. Comparative immunological effects of a natural estrogen (17 β- estradiol) versus a pharmacologic synthetic estrogen (17 α- ethinylestradiol). Thesis of master of science in biomedical and veterinary sciences. Blacksburg, Virginia. pp:1-144.
  12. Budd, A.M.; Banh, Q.Q.; Domingos, J.A. and Jerry, D.R., 2015. Sex control in fish: approaches, challenges and opportunities for aquaculture. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. Vol. 3, pp: 329-355.
  13. Carvalho, C.V.A.; Passini, G.; Costa, W.M.; Vieira, B.N. and Cerqueira, V.R., 2014. Effect of estradiol 17β on the sex ratio, growth and survival of juvenile common snook (Centropomus undecimalis). Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences. Vol. 36, No. 3, pp: 239-245.
  14. Chen, Y.; Li, M.; Yuan, L.; Xie, Y.; Li, B.; Xu, W.; Meng, F. and Wang, R., 2017. Growth, blood health, antioxidant status and immune response in juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco exposed to α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Fish & Shellfish Immunology. Vol. 69, pp: 1-5.
  15. Clarks, S.; Whitmore, D.H. and McMahon, R.F., 1979. Consideration of blood parameters of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Journal of Fish Biology. Vol. 14, pp: 147-154.
  16. Colman, J.R.; Baldwin, D.; Johnson, L.L. and Scholz, N.L., 2009. Effects of the synthetic estrogen, 17α-ethinylestradiol, on aggression and courtship behaviour in male zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology. Vol. 91, pp: 46-54.
  17. Cowey, C.B.; Pope, J.A.; Andron, J. and Blair, A., 1973. Studies on the nutrition of marine flat fish. The effect of oral administration of diethylstilbesterol and cyrohepta diene on the growth of Pleuronectes platessa. Marine Biology. Vol. 19, pp: 14-20.
  18. DalBo, G.A.; Sampaio, F.G.; Losekann, M.E.; Queiroz, J.F.; Luiz, A.J.B.; Wolf, V.H.G.; Goncalves, V.T. and Carra, M.L., 2015. Hematological and morphometric blood value of four cultured species of economically important tropical foodfish. Neotropical Ichthyology. Vol. 13, No. 2, pp: 439-446.
  19. Degani, G., 1986. Effect of dietary 17- estradiol and 17-a- methyltestosterone on growth and body composition of slow growing elvers, Anguilla anguilla (L.). Comparative Biology and Physiology. Vol. 2, pp: 243-247.
  20. Degani, G.; Boker, R.; Gal, E. and Jackson, K., 1997. Oogenesis and steroid profiles during the reproductive cycle of female angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Cichlidae). Indian Journal of Fisheries. Vol. 44, No. 1, pp: 1-10.
  21. Des Mes, T.; Zeeman, G. and Lettinga, G., 2005. Occurance and fate of estrone, 17β-estradiol and 17 α-ethynylestradiol in STPs for domestic wastewater. Environmental Science Biotechnology. Vol. 4, pp: 275-311.
  22. Dussault, È.B.; Balakrishnan, V.K.; Borgmann, U.; Solomon, K.R. and Sibley, P.K., 2009. Bioaccumulation ofthe synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol in the benthic invertebrates Chironomustentans and Hyalella azteca. Ecotoxicolgy   Environmental Safety. Vol. 72, pp: 35-41.
  23. Ejraei, F.; Ghiasi, M. and Khara, H., 2015. Evaluation of hematological and plasma indices in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, with reference to age, sex, and hormonal treatment. Archives of Polish Fisheries. Vol. 23, pp: 163-170.
  24. Feng, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Gao, P.; Su, H.; Yu, Y. and Ren, N., 2010. Adsorption behaviour of EE2 (17 α-ethinylestradiol) onto the inactivated sewage sludge: Kinetic, thermodynamics and influence factors. Journal of Hazard Mater. Vol. 175, pp: 1-6.
  25. Fernandes, M.N. and Mazon, A.F., 2003. Environmental pollution and fish gill morphology. Fish adaptations. Enfield Sciences Publishers. pp: 203-231.
  26. Gupta, K.; Raina, S.; Sachar, A. and Gupta, K., 2012. Age and size related variations in haematological parameters of Labeo boga and L. bata. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp: 437-440.
  27. Hallgren, P.; Martensson, L. and Mathiasson, L., 2009. Improved spectrophotometric vitellogenin determination via alkali-labile phosphate in fish plasma- a cost effective approach for assessment of endocrine disruption. International Journal of environmental Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 89, pp: 1023-1042.
  28. Hendry, C.; Martin-Robichaud, D.J. and Benfey, T., 2003. Hormonal sex reversal of atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Aquaculture. Vol. 219, No. 1, pp: 769-781.
  29. Hrubec, T.C. and Smith, S.A., 2010. Hematology of fishes. Schalm’s veterinary hematology. Wiley-Blackwell. pp: 994-1003.
  30. Hrubec, T.C.; Smith, S.A. and Robertson, J.L., 2001. Age related in hematology and plasma chemistry values of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis). Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Vol. 30, pp: 8-15.
  31. Ikechukwu, O.A. and Obinnaya, C.L., 2010. Haematological profile of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen) of Anambra River, Nigeria. Journal of American Sciences. Vol. 6, pp: 123-130.
  32. Iranshahi, F.; Faramarzi, M.; Kiaalvandi, S.; Jalaee, M.H. and Dehghan, M., 2011. Effectiveness of Edta in mobilizing of the contaminant metal ions, especially cadmium from tissue of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare schultze) subjected to chronic poisoning with cadmium acetate. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. Vol. 11, No. 4, pp: 519-527.
  33. Juarez, V.J.; Vazquez, J.P.A.; Estrada, C.A.; Ramirez, J.A.M. and De la Tore, R.M., 2017. Feminization by 17 α- Ethinylestradiol of the progeny of XY-female nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Effects on growth, condition factor and gonadosomatic index. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 17, pp: 599-607.
  34. Kasiri, M.; Farahi, A. and Sudagar, M., 2012. Growth and reproductive performance by different feed types in fresh water angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare Schultze, 1823). Veterinary Research Forum. Vol. 3, No. 3, pp: 175-179.
  35. Khara, H.; Falahatkar, B. and Meknatkhah, B., 2013. Effect of dietary estradiol 17β on growth, hematology and biochemistry of stellate sturgeon Acipenser stellatus. World Journal of fish and Marine Sciences. Vol. 5, No. 2, pp: 113-120.
  36. Körner, O.; Kohno, S.; Schönenberger, R.; Suter, M.J.F.; Knauer, K. and Guillette, J.L.J., 2008. Water temperature and concomitant waterborne ethynylestradiol exposure affects the vitellogenin expression in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta). Aquatic Toxicology. Vol. 90, pp: 188-196.
  37. Kuster, M.; de Alda, M.J. and Barceló, D., 2005. Estrogens and progestrogens in wastewater, sludge- sediments and soil. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 5, pp: 1-24.
  38. Labadie, P. and Hill, E.M., 2007. Analysis of estrogens in river sediments by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, Comparison of tandem mass spectrometry and time of flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography. Vol. 1141, pp: 74-81.
  39. Laganà, A.; Bacaloni, A.; Fago, G. and Marino, A., 2000. Trace analysis of estrogenic chemicals in sewage effluent using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. Vol. 14, pp: 1-7.
  40. Lai, K.M.; Johnson, K.L.; Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N., 2000. Binding of waterborne steroid estrogens to solid phases in river and estuarine systems. Environmental Science Technology. Vol. 34, pp: 1-4.
  41. Li, J.; Jiang, L.; Liu, X. and Lv, J., 2013. Adsorption and aerobic biodegradation of four selected endocrine disrupting chemicals in soil- water system. International Biodeterior Biodegrad. Vol. 76, pp: 3-7.
  42. Lima, D.L.D.; Schneider, R.J. and Esteves, V.I., 2012. Sorption behaviour of EE2 on soils subjected to different long-term organic amendments. Science Total Environmental. Vol. 423, pp: 1-4.
  43. Liu, J.; Wang, R.; Huang, B.; Lin, C.; Zhou, J. and Pan, X., 2012. Biological effects and bioaccumulation of steroidal and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in high-back crucian carp exposed to wastewater treatment plant effluents. Environmental Pollution. Vol. 162, pp: 325-331.
  44. Luskova, V., 1998. Factors affecting hematological indices of free living fish populations. Acta Veterinaria Brno. Vol.  67, pp: 249-255.
  45. Mahajan, C.L. and Dheer, J.M.S., 1979. Autoradiography and differential hemoglobin staining as aids to the study of fish hematology. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. Vol. 35, No. 6, pp: 834-835.
  46. Matty, A.J. and Cheema, I.R., 1978. The effect of some steroid hormones on the growth and    protein metabolism of Rainbow trout. Aquaculture. Vol. 14, pp: 163-178.
  47. Mazotto, V.; Gagné, F.; Marin, M.G.; Ricciardi, F. and Blaise, C., 2008. Vitellogenin as a biomarker of exposure toestrogenic compounds in aquatic invertebrates: A review. Environmental International. Vol. 34, pp: 31-45.
  48. Noppe, H.; Verslycke, T.; DeWulf, E.; Verheyden, K.; Monteyne, E. and Caeter, P.V., 2007. Occurence of estrogens in the Scheldt estuary: A 2- year survey. Ecotoxicological Environmental Safety. Vol. 66, pp: 1-8.
  49. Oner, M.; Atli, G. and Canli, M., 2008. Changes in serum biochemical parameters of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following prolonged metal (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn) exposures. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Vol. 27, pp: 360-366.
  50. Orn, S.; Holbech, H.; Madsen, T.H.; Norrgren, L. and Petersen, G.L, 2003. Gonad development and vitellogenin production in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to ethynylestradiol and methyltestosterone. Aquatic toxicology. Vol. 65, pp: 397-411.
  51. Ortega-Salas, A.A.; Cortes, I. and Reyes-Bustamante, H., 2009. Fecundity, growth and survival of the angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Perciformes: Cichlidae) under laboratory conditions. Revista de Biologia Tropical. Vol. 57, No. 3, pp: 741-747.
  52. Orun, I. and Erdeml, A.U., 2002. A study on blood parameters of Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843). Journal of Biological Sciences. Vol. 2, pp: 508-511.
  53. Pawlowski, S.; Van Aerle, R.; Tyler, C.R. and Braunbeck, T., 2004. Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol in a fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) gonadal recrudescence assay. Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety. Vol. 57, pp: 30-45.
  54. Peters, R.E.M.; Courtenay, S.C.; Hewitt, M.L. and Maclatchy, D.L, 2010. Effects of 17 α-ethynylestradiolon early-life development, sex differentiation and vitellogenin induction in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). Marine Environmental Researches. Vol. 69, pp: 86-178.
  55. Piferrer, F., 2001. Endocrine sex control strategies for the feminization of teleost fish. Aquaculture. Vol. 197, No. 1-4, pp: 229-281.
  56. Saaristo, M.; Craft, J.A.; Lehtonen, K.K. and Lindström, K., 2009. Sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) males exposed to an endocrine disrupting chemical fail in nest and mate competition. Hormonal Behavior. Vol. 56, pp: 35-321.
  57. Sandstrom, O., 1989. Seasonal variations in some bloodparameters in perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). Journal of Application Ichthyology. Vol. 5, pp: 80-84.
  58. Satheeshkumar, P.; Ananthan, G.; Senthilkumar, D.; Khan, A.B. and Jeevanantham, K., 2012. Comparative investigation on haematological and biochemical studies on wild marine teleost fishes from Vellar estuary, southeast coast of India. Comparative Clinical Pathology. Vol. 21, pp: 275-281.
  59. Shelar, G.; Shelar, P. and Singh, H.D., 2014. Angelfish nutrition, reproduction and farming. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. Germany. pp: 1-64.
  60. Tomšíková, H.; Aufartová, J.; Solich, P.; Sosa-Ferrera, Z.; Santana-Rodríguez, J.J. and Nováková, A., 2012. Highsensitivity analysis of female-steroid hormones in environmental samples. Trends Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 34, pp: 35-58.
  61. Torylia, J.E.; Amadi, K.; Odeh, S.O.; Adelaiye, A.B.; Egesie, U.G. and Achie, L.N., 2014. Dynamics of combined oral contraceptive: a study of some haematological parameters in female Wistar rats. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy. Vol. 4, No .9, pp: 15-19.
  62. Vazquez, G.R. and Guerrero, G.A., 2007. Characterization of blood cells and hematological parameters in Cichlasoma dimerus (Teleostei, Perciformes). Tissue Cell. Vol. 39, pp: 151-160.
  63. Wang, H.; Gao, Z.; Beres, B.; Ottobre, J.; Wallat, G.; Tiu, L.; Rapp, D.; O’bryant, P. and Yao, H., 2008. Effects of estradiol-17β on survival, growth performance, sex reversal and gonadal structure of bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus. Aquaculture. Vol. 285, No. 1-4, pp: 216-223.
  64. Yan, Z.; Lu, G.; Liu, J. and Jin, S., 2012. An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and feminization risk in fish in Taihu Lake, China. Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety. Vol. 84, pp: 34-40.
  65. Ying, G.G.; Kookana, R.S. and Ru, Y.J., 2002. Occurrence and fate of hormone steroids in the environment. Environmental International. Vol. 28, pp: 45-51.
  66. Zar, J.H., 1984. Biostatistical analysis. (2nd ed.) Englewood Cliffs. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA. 718 p.