Effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on the antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation of liver in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Document Type : Ecology

Authors

1 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

2 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Smoeh e Sara, Iran

3 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Someh e Sara, Iran

4 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of nanoparticles in different concentrations. Iron nanoparticles are widely used as a contrasting element in nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI), as well as for thermotherapy of cancer cells. A batch of juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) averaged of 11 ± 0.8 cm in length and 17 ± 0. 6 g in weight were acclimatized to laboratory conditions for 2 weeks prior to the experiments. After exposure to different concentrations (10, 30 and 50.0 mg.L-1) of waterborne nano-iron for 0, 1, 7 and 14 days, the variation in antioxidant enzymes activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver of the fish were evaluated. The results showed that exposure to nanoparticles led to a significant time-related change in antioxidant enzymes activity and increase in MDA level (p<0.05). Alteration found in the antioxidant defense systems is considered as a biological response to exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of nano-iron by exhibiting an obvious adaptive threshold. Therefore, that the biomarkers such as antioxidant enzymes and MDA level can be used for monitoring oxidative stress in carp.

Keywords


  1. Au, K.; Wing, L.; Song, Y.L.; Yee, K.L.; Wing, H.N.; Kwong, M.C.; Yau, C.L. and Ronald, A., 2009. Effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on cardiac differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. Vol. 379, No. 4, pp: 898-903.
  2. Avci, A.; Kaçmaz, M. and Durak, İ., 2005. Peroxidation in muscle and liver tissues from fish in a contaminated river due to a petroleum refinery industry. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. Vol. 60, No. 1, pp: 101-105.
  3. Baun, A., 2008. Ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles to aquatic invertebrates: a brief review and recommendations for future toxicity testing. Ecotoxicology. Vol. 17, No. 5, pp: 387-395.
  4. Colvin, V.L., 2003. The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials. Nature biotechnology. Vol. 21, No. 10, pp: 1166-1170.
  5. Cornell, R.M. and Schwertmann, U., 2006. The iron oxides: structure, properties, reactions, occurrences and uses: John Wiley & Sons.
  6. Elia, A.C.; Waller, W.T. and Norton, S.J., 2002. Biochemical responses of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus, Rafinesque) to atrazine induced oxidative stress. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 68, No. 6, pp: 809-816.
  7. Farré, M.; Gajda-Schrantz, K.; Kantiani, L. and Barceló, D., 2009. Ecotoxicity and analysis of nanomaterials in the aquatic environment. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. Vol. 393, No. 1, pp: 81-95
  8. George, S.; Gardner, H.; Seng, E.; Khuan, C.; Hengky, W.; Chunyan, Y.; Fang, C.; Hay, C. and Woon, K., 2014. Differential effect of solar light in increasing the toxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles to a fish cell line and zebrafish embryos. Environmental science & technology. Vol. 48, No. 11, pp: 6374-6382.
  9. Griffitt, R.J.; Weil, R.; Hyndman, K.A.; Denslow, N.D.; Powers, K.; Taylor, D. and Barber, D.S., 2007. Exposure to copper nanoparticles causes gill injury and acute lethality in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 41, No. 23, pp: 8178-8186.
  10. Hao, L. and Chen, L., 2012. Oxidative stress responses in different organs of carp (Cyprinus carpio) with exposure to ZnO nanoparticles. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. Vol. 80, pp: 103-110.
  11. Johnston, H.J.; Hutchison, G.R.; Christensen, F.M.; Peters, S.; Hankin, S.; Aschberger, K. and Stone, V., 2010. A critical review of the biological mechanisms underlying the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of carbon nanotubes: The contribution of physico-chemical characteristics. Nanotoxicology. Vol. 4, No. 2, pp: 207-246.
  12. Klaine, S.J., 2008. Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Vol. 27, No. 9,  pp: 1825-1851.
  13. Moore, M.N., 2006. Do nanoparticles present ecotoxicological risks for the health of the aquatic environment? Environment international. Vol. 32, No. 8, pp: 967-976.
  14. Moraes, B.S.; Loro, V.L.; Pretto, A.; da Fonseca, M.B.; Menezes, C.; Marchesan, E. and de Avila, L.A., 2009. Toxicological and metabolic parameters of the teleost fish (Leporinus obtusidens) in response to commercial herbicides.
  15. Navarro, E., 2008. Environmental behavior and ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles to algae, plants, and fungi. Ecotoxicology. Vol. 17, No. 5, pp: 372-386.
  16. Oberdörster, G.1.; Sharp, Z.; Atudorei, V.; Elder, A.; Gelein, R.; Kreyling, W. and Cox, C., 2004. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhal Toxicol. Vol. 16, No. 6-7, pp: 437-445.
  17. Regoli, F.; Bocchetti, R. and Filho, D., 2011. Spectrophotometric Assays of Antioxidants. Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems. pp: 367-380.
  18. Schmid, K. and Riediker, M., 2008. Use of nanoparticles in Swiss industry: a targeted survey. Environmental science and technology. Vol. 42, No. 7, pp: 2253-2260.
  19. Scown, T.M.; Van Aerle, R. and Tyler, C.R., 2010. Review: do engineered nanoparticles pose a significant threat to the aquatic environment? Critical reviews in toxicology. Vol.40, No. 7, pp: 653-670.
  20. Sun, Y.P.; Li, X.Q.; Zhang, W.X. and Wang, H.P., 2007. A method for the preparation of stable dispersion of zero valent iron nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. Vol. 308, No. 1, pp: 60-66.
  21. Thierry, B.; Majewski, P.; Ngothai, Y. and Shi, Y., 2007. Preparation of monodisperse functionalised super paramagnetic nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanotechnology. Vol. 4, No. 5, pp: 523-530.
  22. Viarengo, A., 1989. Heavy metals in marine invertebrates: mechanisms of regulation and toxicity at the cellular level. Rev. Aquat. Sci. Vol. 1, No. 2, pp: 295-317.
  23. Ward, J.E. and Kach, D.J., 2009. Marine aggregates facilitate ingestion of nanoparticles by suspension-feeding bivalves. Marine Environmental Research. Vol. 68, No. 3, pp: 137-142.
  24. Zhang, W., 2003. Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: an overview. Journal of nanoparticle Research. Vol. 5, No. 3-4, pp: 323-332.