فلور قارچی خوراک دام و آلودگی آفلاتوکسین خوراک و شیر در گاوداری‌‌های شیری شهرستان سبزوار

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد کاووس، ایران

2 گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد کاووس، ایران

3 بخش تحقیقات علوم دامی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران

10.22034/AEJ.2022.311157.2667

چکیده

آفلاتوکسین‌ها یکی از سمی‌ترین متابولیت‌‌های ثانویه تولید شده توسط گونه‌های مختلف قارچی از جمله آسپرژیلوس فلاووس و آسپرژیلوس پارازیتیکوس هستند. این قارچ‌ها مواد غذایی مختلف از جمله غلات، دانه‌‌های روغنی، کنجاله‌ها و علوفه‌ها را آلوده می‌کنند حذف و کاهش آفلاتوکسین‌ها با روش‌های بیولوژیکی، شیمیایی و فیزیکی نه تنها در مقیاس وسیع قابل انجام و مقرون به‌صرفه نیستند، بلکه می‌تواند خطراتی از نظر سلامت غذای دام‌ها نیز داشته باشند. بنابراین، به نظر می‌رسد پایش پیوستۀ خوراک دام و تولیدات دامی از نظر آلودگی با قارچ‌های توکسین‌زا و آفلاتوکسین‌ها بهترین روش جلوگیری از راه یافتن این سموم به درون زنجیره غذایی انسان باشد. این پژوهش به منظور اندازه‌گیری میزان آفلاتوکسین در خوراک و شیر و ارتباط آن با فلور قارچی خوراک مصرفی در گاوداری‌‌های شیری انجام گرفت. کنسانتره و سیلاژ ذرت 10 گاوداری (5 واحدگاوداری سنتی و 5 واحدگاوداری صنعتی) از بین دامداری‌های اطراف شهرستان سبزوار به تفکیک نمونه‌گیری و به آزمایشگاه منتقل شد و سپس جداسازی، کشت و تشخیص قارچ‌های موجود در نمونه‌‌های خوراک دام انجام شد. نمونه‌های شیر از مخزن شیر دامداری‌‌های مورد مطالعه گرفته شد و بلافاصله در فلاکس حاوی یخ به آزمایشگاه منتقل و پس از سانتریفوژ و جدا کردن چربی، تا هنگام آنالیز، در فریزر 22- درجه سانتی گراد نگه داری شدآفلاتوکسین موجود در خوراک و شیر به روش HPLC اندازه‌گیری شد. بیش ترین عامل آلودگی خوراک دام، مخمرها، پنیسیلیوم، آسپرژیلوس، تریکودرما، آلترناریا، کلادوسپوریوم و رایزوپوس بودند. نتایج این تحقیق همبستگی منفی معنی‌داری را بین آلودگی به قارچ آسپرژیلوس و جمعیت مخمرها در نمونه‌های سیلاژ ذرت نشان داد. نتایج مطالعه آفلاتوکسین در شیر دامداری‌ها وجود آفلاتوکسین M1 را در 60 درصد نمونه‌ها نشان داد. مقایسه میانگین جمعیت آسپرژیلوس در کنسانتره و غلظت آفلاتوکسین شیر بین دو گروه گاوداری نشان داد که آلودگی نسبی در گاوداری‌‌های سنتی نسبت به گاوداری‌‌های صنعتی به طور معنی‌داری کم تر بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که میزان آلودگی آفلاتوکسین در نمونه‌های خوراک و شیر از حد مجاز پایین‌تر بود. بر اساس نتایج کشت قارچ، به نظر می‌رسد کنسانتره نسبت به سیلاژ بیش تر در معرض آلودگی قارچی و حضور آفلاتوکسین باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Fungi flora of animal feed and aflatoxin contamination of feed and milk in dairy farms of Sabzevar County

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fariba Farivar 1
  • Mahmoud Dastourani 1
  • Fakhtak Taliei 2
  • Fateme Bahri Binabaj 3
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
2 Department of Plant Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
3 Department of Animal science research, Khorasan Razavi agriculture and natural resources research and education center, Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Afalatoxins are among the most poisoning secondary metabolites produced by different fungi species such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus paraziticus. These fungi contaminate different animal feed materials including oil seeds, oil seed meals and forages.  Elimination and reduction of aflatoxines in feed using biological, chemical and physical methods of aflatroxin detoxification in large scales are not only non practical and cost efficient, but also are dangerous for animal health. Therefore, it seems continuously monitoring of animal feed and products is the best method for avoiding of human food chain contamination with these toxins. This research was conducted to investigate the feed and milk aflatoxin contamination and their relationship with feed fungi flora in some dairy cow farms. Concentrate and corn silage were sampled from 5 traditional and 5 industrial dairy farm among dairy farms located around the Sabzevar county, cultivation and identification of feed fungi were done. Milk samples were taken from cooling tank of each farm and transferred to lab in an ice containing flask and were centrifuged to remove fat and then stored in -22°C until analysis. Milk and feed aflatoxin were measured using HPLC method. The most comon feed pollutants were Aspergilus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Alternaria, Cladosporium and Rhizopus species. The results of HPLC and fungal culture showed a low level of aflatoxin contamination. The results of this research showed a significant negative correlation between Aspergilus contamination and yeast population in silage samples. Aflatoxin M1 contamination was observed in 60 percent of milk samples, however aflatoxin amount was lower than permissive levels in all cases. Mean Aspergilus population in concentrate and aflatoxin concentration of milk Comparison among two farm systems, showed that relative contamination in industrial farms was significantly higher than traditional farms. Results of this research showed that aflatoxin contamination of feed and milk was lower than permissive levels. Based on fungi culture results, it seems that concentrate is more susceptible to fungi and aflatoxin contamination than silage.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Animal feed
  • Aspergillus
  • Aflatoxin B1
  • Milk
  • Aflatoxin M1

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فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
دوره 14، شماره 4
بهمن 1401
صفحه 81-86

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