تعارض انسان-گرگ خاکستری: مروری بر راهکارهای مدیریت تعارض

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسنده

گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران

10.22034/aej.2022.344541.2814

چکیده

انقراض ­های اخیر ناشی از تلافی جویی انسان در برابر حیات وحشی است که سرمایه ­های انسانی را تهدید کرده ­اند یا تصور می ­شود منافع فعلی یا آینده انسان را تهدید می­ کنند. تعارض به هر نوع درگیری یا برخوردی بین انسان، سرمایه ­های انسانی و حیات وحش گفته می­ شود که منجر به رقابت می ­گردد. بنابراین تعارض شامل آسیب انسان به حیات وحش و هم چنین حیات وحش به انسان است که ممکن است به هر دلیلی رخ دهد. تعارض بین انسان و گوشت خواران  در کشور ایران نیز در دهه اخیر رشد قابل ملاحظه ­ای داشته است. در بین گوشت خواران، گرگ خاکستری (Canis lupus) تعارض بالاتری با انسان و دام دارد. گرگ در بسیاری از کشورها به عنوان یک مثال عمومی برای تقابل و یا تعارض با مردم محلی شناخته شده است. در خاورمیانه مشاهدات میدانی و مطالعات صورت گرفته درباره رژیم غذایی گرگ حاکی از وابستگی این گونه به منابع غذایی انسانی (دام اهلی، پسماندها و غیره) است که این امر منجر به تعارض شدید این گونه با جوامع بومی گردیده است. متاسفانه تعارض بین انسان و گرگ دربرخی از مناطق کشور به ویژه مناطق غربی ایران ( استان های همدان، زنجان، کردستان و اردبیل) به اوج خود رسیده است تا جایی که در سال ­های اخیر تعدادی از مردم محلی و هم چنین تعداد زیادی از دام ­های اهلی توسط  گرگ کشته شده‌اند. به همین دلیل پرداختن به جنبه های بوم شناسی و رفتاری این گونه گامی مهم در جهت کاهش تعارضات محسوب می ­شود. در این مطالعه با استفاده از مرور منابع داخلی و خارجی مطالب به تفکیک به رژیم غذایی، هیبرید سگ و گرگ، مدیریت پسماند، مدیریت لاشه یا پسماند مرغداری و دامداری­ ها، مدیریت حملات گرگ به انسان و هم چنین مدیریت حملات گرگ به دام تقسیم و به تفکیک شرح داده شدند. تلاش شده است تا برخی از آخرین یافته های محققین در جهان و مطالعات صورت گرفته درایران استفاده گردد. نتایج این مطالعه می ­تواند به منظور مدیریت تعارض گرگ در کشور ایران مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Human-Gray Wolf Conflict: A Review of Conflict Management solutions

نویسنده [English]

  • Alireza Mohammadi
Department of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
چکیده [English]

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people’s interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Conflict is any encounter between wildlife and humans or their property resulting in a contest or interference competition. Therefore, conflict includes humans harming animals or animals harming humans or their property claims, and the harm may be motivated by any reason (intention is irrelevant). The conflict between humans and carnivores in Iran has also grown significantly in recent decades. Among carnivores, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) has a higher conflict with humans and animals. Wolves are known in many countries as a common example of conflict with local people. In the Middle East, field observations and studies on the wolf diet indicate the dependence of this species on anthropogenic food resources (livestock, waste, etc.), which has led to a severe conflict between this species with local communities. Unfortunately, the conflict between humans and wolves has reached its peak in some parts of the country, especially in the western regions of Iran (Hamadan, Zanjan, Kurdistan, and Ardabil provinces) to the point that in recent years a number of local people, as well as a large number of livestock, have been killed by wolves. Therefore, addressing the ecological and behavioral aspects of this species is an important step in reducing conflicts. In this research, using a review of some important papers related to human-wolf conflict, we described some subjects into wolf diet, a wolf-dog hybrid, waste management, livestock and poultry carcass management, and management of wolf attacks on humans and livestock. An attempt has been made to use some of the latest findings of researchers in the world and studies conducted in Iran. The results of this study can be used to manage of human-wolf conflict in Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Carnivores
  • Conflict
  • Coexistence
  • Attack on humans
  • Livestock depredation

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فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
دوره 15، شماره 1
خرداد 1402
صفحه 285-294

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